Tugas 4: The Reality of Decision-Making

Nama  :  Nuri Eka Wahyumiati

Kelas  :  1EA17

NPM   :  15212498

Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2

BAB 4

Decision (decision) is made ​​up of several options available alternative. Decision making (decision making) is the process of identifying problems and opportunities and then solve it. Good decision-making is a vital part of maanjemen good, because the decisions that determine how an organization how to solve problems, allocate resources and achieve goals. Thus, each manager must sharpen their skills in making decisions.

Growth, prosperity or failure of a company or is the result of decisions made by managers. Making a decision is not easy. Decisions must be done amid ever-changing variety of factors, uncertainty and a variety of information and conflicting views.

Decision Making Based on Intuition

            Decisions made by intuition or feeling more subjective nature that is susceptible to suggestion, outside influences, and other psychological factors. The subjective nature of intuitive decisions on this are several advantages, namely:

1.      Decision-making by one party so easy to decide.

2.      More intuitive decisions appropriate to the problems that are humanitarian.

            Decision-making based on intuition takes a short time to the issues that impact is limited, in general, intuitive decision making will give satisfaction. However, this decision is difficult to measure because of difficulty finding the truth for comparison with other words this result is only intuitive decision taken by one party that the other things that are often overlooked.

Rational Decision Making

            Rational decisions related to usability. Problems - problems which faced a problem that needs solving rational. Decisions are made based on rational considerations are more objective. In society, a rational decision can be measured when the optimal satisfaction of the community can be accomplished within the limits of recognized value in society at that time.

Decision Making Based on Facts

            Some argue that the decision should be supported by a sufficient number of facts. Actually, the fact needs to be associated with the term the term of data and information. Set of facts that have been grouped systematically named data. While information is the result of processing the data. Thus, despite the data must first be processed into information which is then used as a basis for decision making.

            Decisions are based on a number of facts, data or sufficient information was indeed a good and solid decision, but to get enough information was very difficult.

Decision Making Based on Experience

            It often happens that before taking a decision, the leadership to remember whether a case like this ever happened before. Such reminders are usually traced through archival documentation in the form decision past experiences. If it turns out the problem had happened before, then head live to see if the same problem or not with the current circumstances. If still equal then can apply the previous way to solve problems that arise.

            In such cases, the experience can indeed be used as guidelines in solving the problem. Decisions are based on experience is very useful for practical knowledge. Experience and the ability to estimate what the background of the problem and how the direction of the solution is very helpful in facilitating problem solving.

Based Decision Making Authority

            Lots of decisions taken as authority (authority) owned. Every person who is the head of the organization has the duty and authority to make decisions in order to carry out activities to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently.

            Decisions by the authority has several advantages. The benefits include: more acceptance by subordinates, has authenticity (authentic), and also because it is based on formal authority would be more permanent in nature.

Decisions based on authority alone, it will cause the routine nature and associate with dictatorial practices. Sometimes by a decision by the authority of decision-makers pass Often the problems that should be solved Became blurred or unclear.

Factors to consider in Decision Making

Factors to consider in the decision-making according to Terry, namely:

a)      The things that are not tangible and intangible, emotional and rational needs to be taken into account in decision making.

b)      Each decision must be made of materials to achieve organizational goals.

c)      Any decision not oriented to private interests, but should be more concerned with the interests of the organization.

d)      Rarely does a satisfactory choice, therefore, make alternative-counter alternative.

e)      Decision-making is a mental act of this action must be converted into physical action.

f)       Effective Decision-making takes a long time.

g)      Required practical decision to get better results.

h)      Any decision should be instituted in order to know the decision was correct.

i)        Every decision is an act of a series of events beginning next chain.

Vocabulary:

Determine                    = tentukan

Failure                         = kegagalan

Uncertainty                  = ketidakpastian

Conflicting                   = bertentangan

Susceptible                  = rentan

Intuitive                      = intuitif

Appropriate                 = sesuai

Solving                        = pemecahan

Sufficient                    = cukup

Reminders                   = pengingat

Experiences                 = pengalaman

Circumstances              = keadaan

Facilitating                  = memfasilitasi

Subordinates                = bawahan

Tangible                      = berwujud

Interests                      = minat

Required                     = diperlukan

Chain                          = rantai

http://www.adipedia.com/2011/01/proses-pengambilan-keputusan-manajerial.html

http://ojan-jan.blogspot.com/2012/10/pengambilan-keputusan.html

Tugas 3: Steps in the Decisions Process

Nama  :  Nuri Eka Wahyumiati

Kelas  :  1EA17

NPM   :  15212498

Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2

BAB 3

There are two views in the achievement of the organization's process of reaching a decision (Brinckloe, 1977), namely:

1.      Optimization. Here, an executive who tried to make the full confidence of alternatives, taking into account the costs and benefits of each alternative against organizational goals. After that estimates the likelihood of a variety of events in the future, consider the impact of the events of the alternatives that have been formulated and then arrange the sequence is systematically in accordance with the priorities and then made the decision. Decisions made are considered optimal because it at least has considered all factors relating to the decision.

2.       Satisficing. An executive take quite a settlement stemming satisfying than pursuing the best settlement. Satisficing models developed by Simon (Simon, 1982; roach, 1979) due to the recognition of the limited rationality (bounded rationality). Limited rationality are the boundaries of thought that forcing people to limit their views on issues and situations. Thought it was limited because the human mind does not megolakan and has the ability to separate the pile of information.

According to Frank Harison (Hitt, 1970), the factors that led to the emergence of rationality is limited, among others, information that comes from outside is often very competitive or the information is not perfect, the constraints of time and cost, as well as the limitations of a rational decision-making to understand and comprehend the problem and information, especially information and technology.

Step-by-step decision-making

1.      In recognition of the requirements of decisions

The manager's decision to face the requirements in the form of problems and opportunities. A problem occurs when the organizational achievement of less than the target set.

Awareness of the problem / opportunity is the first step in making decisions and requires observation of internal and external environment for issues that require the attention of the executive.

2.      Diagnosis and cause analysis

When the problems and opportunities have attracted the attention of managers, understanding the situation should be clarified. Diagnosis is one step in the decision process.

3.      Development alternatif

At the time of the problem or opportunity has to be identified and analyzed, decision makers start to consider the necessary action. The next step is to generate alternative solutions that may be able to respond to the needs of the situation and correct the underlying causes.

4.      Selection of the expected alternative

When several alternatives have been developed, have been one of them. The decision is a choice selection of the most promising of several alternative actions. The best alternative to provide the best solution according to the overall goals and values ​​of the organization and can achieve the desired results with minimum resource usage.

5.      Implementation of the selected alternative

Included in the implementation phase is the use of managerial skills, administrative, and persuasive to convince the selected alternative can be done.

Decision-making style (style of decision making)

1.      Directive style

Used by people who like clear and simple solution to the problem.

2.      Analytical management style

Rather like considering complex solutions as much as possible based on the data they collect.

3.      People who tend to have a conceptual style

Also like to consider a large amount of information. However, they have more social orientation than those who have the analytical style and likes to talk with others about the problem and possible alternatives for solving the problem.

4.      Behavioral style

Often applied by the manager who has a strong interest in other people as individuals.

Vocabulary:

Reaching                         = menjangkau

Confidence                     = keyakinan

Against                     = terhadap

accordance               = sesuai

estimates                 = perkiraan

constraints                = kendala

comprehend             = memahami

opportunities            = peluang

clarified                   = diklarifikasi

analyzed                   = dianalisi

underlying                 = mendasari

provide                    = menyediakan

overall                     = keseluruhan

Included                   = termasuk

Possible                    = kemungkinan

Conceptual                = konseptual

Amount                     = jumlah

Behavioral                = perilaku

Referensi:

http://bomeey89.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengambilan-keputusan-manajerial.html

http://s3ventyfour.wordpress.com/2013/01/12/pengambilan-keputusan/

Tugas 2: Management and Human Resources Development

Nama  :  Nuri Eka Wahyumiati

Kelas  :  1EA17

NPM   :  15212498

Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2

BAB 2

With the growing diversity of human resources, the problems facing the organization are also more complex as organizations are faced with the management of human resources is increasingly diverse.

Organization is a gathering place and work together to achieve certain goals, the more the human resources involved in the complex there is also the organization. Human resource management is not something new, because it has always been widely discussed in particular how to manage human resources effectively in an organization.

Armstrong (1988:3) argues that human resource management is an approach to the four basic principles, namely;

1.      Human resources are the most important assets owned by an organization.

2.    The success of an organization is very likely to be achieved with the resources of the      company manusis interconnected.

3.    Corporate culture and values, organizational climate and managerial behavior from that culture will give a great influence on achieving the best results.

4.   Integration, which makes all members of the organization work together to achieve common goals.

Management and human resource development is a process that involves several steps. First, the preparation of the company's projections (internal organizational conditions), Second, review the document management capabilities to determine the leadership talent that is now owned (education, experience, compensation, communication and motivation). Third, preparation chart change of leadership.

Further Dessler (1986:280) argues that the different management levels have different development needs. This study wanted to raise the issue of the first and second because the problem is very complex.

1)      Conditions organization

Organizational conditions are conditions where the employee works which include equal opportunity for all members of the organization, the absence of behavioral differences in the implementation of the task, the development program in the form of training and a sense of belonging for all members of the organization.

2)      Education

Education is a continuous path or stage show. improvement and development of human resources that include:

a)   general education or elementary education is the provision of human resources in order to have adequate basic knowledge and are ready to be trained.

b)  training of technical skills (technical know-how) or some kind of professionalism to the field of low-level, medium, or high.

Study exercises for self-development, preparing HR to be more creative, not only has the technical ability, but also has the managerial skills, develop yourself to be a leader in its field elements that can be developed.

3)      Experience

 Individual learning experiences or referred to learningform experience or learning from experience. Things to consider in the implementation of this study are:

a.      The type of experience that could encourage development.

b.      What can be taught by experience, and

c.       Design development system that can bring the maximum benefit.

4)      Compensation

Compensation is an award given in general management with the aim of giving a boost to employees in order to achieve organizational goals, or anything received by employees as a reward for their work (Handoko, 1989:155). In this study raised the compensation is compensation in the form of venture capital, training programs, issuing business licenses and counseling for the four compensation is indispensable employers to further improve organizational performance.

5)      Communication

Communication is the activity that causes someone else to interpret an idea, especially those intended by the speaker or writer (Flippo, 1992:448). In this study the communication process is raised awareness of the importance of communication, commitment to communication, employee engagement levels to communicate with the employer for the benefit of the organization and the support of all parties on the creation of good communication between employees and employees and employees of the employer.

6)      Motivation

 Motivation is the result of the interaction of a person with a certain situation it faces, so that there is a difference in strength of motivation shown by a person in certain situations compared to others who are facing the same situation (Siagian, 1997:137).

Vocabulary:

1. Diversity                      = keanekaragaman
2. human resources           = sumber daya manusia
3. facing                          = menghadap
4. increasingly                  = semakin
5. certain                         = tertentu
6. involved                       = terlibat
7. widely                          = luas
8. effectively                   = efektif
9. approach                      = pendekatan
10. behavior                      = perilaku
11. several                         = beberapa
12. capabilities                  = kemampuan
13. determine                    = menentukan
14. employees                   = karyawan
15. compensation             = kompensasi
16. indispensable              = diperlukan
17. awareness                  = kesadaran

 Referensi:

http://danu-suryani.blogspot.com/2012/01/pengelolaan-dan-pengembangan-sumber.html

Tugas 1: Management Functions

Nama  :  Nuri Eka Wahyumiati

Kelas  :  1EA17

NPM   :  15212498

Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2

BAB 1

Management is a word that means organizing or doing something even though there are many definitions circulating in the community, but most of the people agree that the action is set and when the process is something called management, while management function is the manager.

Management function itself is set by the manager by directing others to do the goals of an organization. In management situations, there are some processes of planning, organization, coordinating, and controlling which ended in the control process.

Management function is an element – the element that is always there and magement inherent in the process that will be used as a reference by managers in performing activities to achieve purposes. Management function was first Introduced by a French industrialist named Henry Fayol in the early 20th century.

Below will explain the meaning of the definition or understanding of each management function – POLC:

1.      Function Planning (Planning)

Planning  function is an activity to make the company’s goals and followed by developing a plan to achieve the intended purpose.

2.       Function Organizing / Organizing

organization function is a regulatory activity on human resources and other physical resources of the company to carry out a predetermined plan and reach company goals.

3.       Function Briefing / Directing / Leading

Function is a function of leadership directing managers to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the work to the fullest and creating a healthy work environment, dynamic, and so forth.

4.       Function Control / Controlling

Control function is an activity of assessing the performance based standards that have been made ​​for changes or improvements made ​​later if necessary.

Vocabulary:

1. Means                = berarti
2. Explain              = jelaskan
3. Circulating         = beredar
4. Reference          = referensi
5. Directing           = mengarahkan
6. assessing            = menilai
7. Achieve             =  mencapai
8. Fullest                = sepenuhnya
9. Predetermined   = ditentukan
10. Necessary          = diperlukan

Referensi:

http://a410080063itta.wordpress.com/2012/01/12/artikel-fungsi-manajemen/

http://pusatartikel.blogspot.com/2012/10/fungsi-fungi-manajemen-managenent.html

http://www.anneahira.com/fungsi-manajemen.htm

Tugas 4: Ilmu Budaya Dasar SAP Mgg ke 12 -13

Nama  :  Nuri Eka Wahyumiati

Kelas  :  1EA17

NPM   :  15212498

BAB 11

Manusia dan Harapan

Pengertian Harapan

Setiap manusia pasti memiliki harapan. Karena harapan bisa dikatakan sebagai tujuan hidup kita. Kita pasti ingin sekali meraih harapan itu. Jika seseorang tidak memiliki harapan berarti tidak memiliki tujuan hidup. Sebuah harapan tergantung pada pengetahuan, pengalaman, lingkungan hidup, dan kemampuan masing – masing individu untuk mencapainya. Berhasil atau tidaknya suatu harapan tergantung pada yang usaha orang tersebut yang mempunyai harapan dan disertai dengan doa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.

Persamaan antara Harapan dan Cita – cita:

·         Keduanya menyangkut masa depan karena belum terwujud

·         Pada umumnya dengan cita – cita maupun harapan orang menginginkan hal yang lebih baik atau meningkat.

Contoh – contoh Harapan:

·         Riko seorang pelajar SMK, ia rajin belajar dengan sungguh – sungguh dengan harapan ketika Ujian masuk di Universitas Gunadarma bisa diterima dengan nilai yang baik.

·         Rika ingin membeli sepatu yang harganya Rp.180.000, ia sangat berharap bisa membeli sepatu tersebut dengan uangnya sendiri, maka ia berusaha menyisihkan uang sakunya untuk ditabung agar bisa membeli barang tersebut.

Apa Sebab Manusia Mempunyai Harapan

Penyebab manusia mempunyai harapan:

·         Dorongan Kodrat

Sifat pembawaan alamiah yang ada dalm diri setiap manusia sejk diciptakan Tuhan, misalnya menangis, bergembira, berpikir, berjalan, berkata, dan mempunyai keturunan, dsb.

·         Dorongan kebutuhan hidup

Kebutuhan jasmani: makan, minum, pakaian, rumah, dll. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, manusia harus bekerja sama dengan orang lainnya.

Menurut Abraham Maslow yag sesuai dengan kodratnya harapan manusia atau kebutuhan manusia adalah:

·         Kelangsungan hidup (survival)

·         Keamanan (safety)

·         Hak dan kewajiban mencintai dan dicintai (be loving and love)

·         Diakui lingkungan (status)

·         Perwujudan cita – cita (self actualization)

Pengertian Doa

Doa adalah memohon kepada Tuhan, agar selalu diberi perlindungan, pertolongan dimana pun berada.

Dalam agama  islam ada 2 macam doa:

·         Doa ibadah: pujian kepada Allah Ta’ala dan berdzikir kepada-Nya

·         Doa masalah:  meminta kebutuhan kepada Allah Ta’ala. Karena permohonan kebutuhan seorang hamba, tidak luput dari masalah yang menimpa seorang hamba.

Contoh doa:

“tunjukilah kami jalan yang lurus, yaitu jalan – jalan orang yang Engkau beri nikmat” (Q.S. Al-Fatihah: 6-7)

Kepercayaan

Kepercayaan berasal dari kata percaya, berarti mengakui atau meyakini akan suatu kebenaran. Kepercayaan adalah sesuatu yang erhubungan dengan pengakuan atau keyakinan akan kebenaran.

Menurut Dr. Yuyun Suriasumantri dalam bukunya “filsafat ilmu, sebuah pengantar pupoler ada tiga teori kebenaran:

·         Teiri kohensi atau konsistensi

Pernyataan dianggap benar jika pernyataan itu bersifat konsisten sesuai dengan pernyataan – pernyataan sebelumnya yang dianggap benar.

·         Teori korespondensi

Bahwa suatu prnyataan benar apabila materi pengetahuan yang ada pada pernyataan itu berhubungan dengan objek yang dituju oleh pernyataan tersebut.

·         Teori pragmatis

Kebenaran suatu pernyataan diukur dengan kriteria apkah pernyataan tersebut bersifat fungsional dalam kehidupan praktis.

Kepercayaan dan usaha untuk meningkatkannya

Kepercayaan dibedakan atas 4 bagian:

·         Kepercayaan pada diri sendiri

Pada hakekatnya percaya kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Percaya pada diri sendiri menganggap dirinya tidak salah, dirinya menang, dirinya mampu mengerjakan yang diserahkan atau dipercayakan kepadanya.

·         Kepercayaan kepada orang lain

Dapat berupa percaya kepada saudara, orang tua, guru , dll. Kepercayaan kepaa orang lain itu sudah pasti percayaterhadap kata hatinya.

·         Kepercayaan kepada pemerintah

·         Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan

Usaha manusia untuk meningkatkan rasa percaya kepada Tuhannya antara lain:

·         Meningkatkan ketaqwaan kita dengan jalan meningkatkan ibadah

·         Meningkatkan pengabdian kita kepada masyarakat

·         Meningkatkan kecintaan kita kepada sesama manusia dengan jalan suka menolong, dermawan, dll

·         Mengurangi nafsu mengumpulkan harta yang berlebihan

·         Menekan perasaan negatif seperti iri, dengki, fitnah, dsb.

Referensi:

Sumber: Seri Diktat Kuliah MKDU: Ilmu Budaya Dasar karya Widyo Nugroho dan Achmad Muchji, Universitas Gunadarma

http://aboeaswad.wordpress.com/2011/12/29/macam-macam-doa-dan-waktu-waktu-mustajab-dalam-berdoa/24Januari2013

http://eritristiyanto.wordpress.com/2010/04/07/definisi-doa-doa-berdoa-arti-pengertian-taca-cara-dan-waktu-mustajab-agama-islam/24Januari2013

http://rickykusnandar.blogspot.com/2012/06/pengertian-doa.html/24Januari2013

BAB 12

Manusia, Hidup, dan Kematian

Pengertian hidup

Hidup menurut bahasa arab adalah kebalikan dari mati (naqiidlul maut). Tanda – tanda kehidupan terlihat dengan adanya kesadaran, kehendak, pengindraan, gerak, pernapasan, pertumbuhan, dan kebutuhan pangan. Hidup adalah pertalian roh dan badan serta hubungan interaksi antara keduanya. Hidup merupakan suatu sifat, dan dengan sifat itu sesuatu menjadi berpengetahuan dan memiliki kekuatan. Jadi, hidup adalah sebuah kenikmatan sebab dengan adanya hidup maka tidak seorang pun dapat menikmati arti kehidupan dunia serta merasakan pembalasan baik buruk di akhiratnya nanti.

Sesungguhnya Kami telah menjadikan apa yang dibumi sebagai perhiasan baginya, agar Kami menguji mereka siapakah diantara mereka yang terbaik perbuatannya. (Q.S. Al-Kahfi: 77)

Orang – orang yang memiliki pengertian hidup berdasarkan prinsip alam, kehidupannya cenderung bahagia. Mereka mengerti bahwa semakin mereka hidup selaras dengan sistem kehidupan yang universal, semakin sukses dan bahagialah mereka.

Menurut Al-qur’an masa hidup manusia terbagi menjadi dua. Hidup mertama adalaha di dunia kini dan hidup kedua berlaku di akhirat. Berbagai macam ajaran tentang hakikat hidup dan tujuan hidup telah berkembang. Hanya al-qur’an yang dapat menjelaskan arti dan tujuan hidup manusia secukupnya sehingga dapat dipahami oleh setiap individu yang membutuhkannya. Al-qur’an menjelaskan bahwa kehidupan kini bukanlah akan berlalu tanpa akibat tetapi berlangsung dengan catatatan semua gerak lahir dan batin yang menentukan nilai setiap individu untuk kehidupan abadi nantinya di alam akhirat, dimana kehidupan terpisah antara yang beriman dan yang kafir untuk selamanya.

Demikian jelas, bahwa Al-qur’an bukan saja menjelaskan kenapa adanya hidup kini, tetapi juga memberikan arti hidup serta tujuannya yang harus dicapai oleh setiap umat manusia.

Pengertian mati

dalam bahasa arab adalah kebalikan dari hidup (naqiidlul hayah). Berdasarkan kitab Lisanul Arab dikatakan: “mati adalah kebalikan dari hidup”. Jadi selama arti mati adalah kebalikan dari arti hidup, maka tanda tanda kematian pun kebalikan tanda – tanda kehidupan, dll.

Salah satu ayat al-qir’an yang menunjukkan bahwa manusia akan mati ketika ruhnya (nyawanya) ditahan dan ketika jiwanya diegang oleh Allah SWT Sang Pencipta. Allah berfirman: “Allah memegang jiwa (orang ketika matinya dan (memegang) jiwa (orang) yang belum mati di waktu tidurnya. Maka Dia tahanlah jiwa (orang) yang telah Dia tetapkan kematiannya dan dia lepaskan jiwa yang lain sampai waku yang ditentukan.” (Q.S. Az-Zumar: 42)

Dalam menyikapi kematian, tiap orang bermacam – macam sesuai dengan keyakinan dan kesadaran yang dimilikinya:

·         Orang yang menyiapkan dirinya dengan amal perbuatan yang baik karena menyadari bahwa kematian akan datang dan mempunyai makna rohaniah.

·         Orang merasa takut atau keberatan untuk mati karena terpukau oleh dunia materi.

·         Orang yang ingin melarikan diri dari kematian karena menganggap bahwa kematian itu merupakan bencana yang merugikan, mungkin karena banyak dosa, hidup tanpa norma, atau beratnya menghadapi keharusan menyiapkan diri untuk mati

Ketakutan remaja akan kematian dirinya, karena:

·         Berpisah dengan orang – orang yang disayangi dan merasa khawatir meninggalkan mereka.

·         Rasa dosa, takut bertemu dengan Tuhan, seolah – olah takut akan hukuman di akhirat.

·         Ambisi dan cita – citanya yang belum dan tidak akan tercapai.

Kematian adalah musibah yang besar dan penderitaan yang hebat. Tetapi justru lebih hebat lagi jika sikap melalaikan diri untuk mengingat kematian, tidak mau merenungkan soal ini dan tidak mau beramal guna menghadapi kematian itu. Kematian sungguh menjadi suatu pelajaran bagi orang yangmau menyadarinya.

Referensi:

http://yanuarariefudin.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/definisi-hidup-dan-mati/24januari2013

http://mikaelvoni88.blogspot.com/search/label/Tugas%20Ilmu%20Budaya%20Dasar/24januari2013